Cost Effective Construction Techniques In Mass Housing Schemes
MINIMUM STANDARDS It is obvious that cost of construction is directly proportional to the area covered. In low cost housing economy in the construction is a vital factor, but one…
Dampness and Its Prevention
CAUSES OF DAMPNESS Dampness may be caused by: (a) Ground water (b) Rainwater and (c) Leakages from pipes. (a) Dampness due to Ground Water: All buildings are founded on soils. Soil…
STAIRS
Stairs give access from floor to floor. The space/room housing stairs is called staircase. Stairs consists of a number of steps arranged in a single flight or more number of…
LINTELS
Lintel is a horizontal flexural member which spans over the openings in the walls for doors, windows, ventilators, cupboards etc. The load of masonry above the opening is transferred to…
Types of Windows
Various windows used may be classified on the basis of materials used, types of shutters, types of openings of shutters and the position of windows. Timber, steel and aluminium are…
Types of Doors
Various types of doors are in use which may be classified on the basis of arrangement of shutters, method of constructions, principles of working operations and materials used. Commonly used…
DOORS AND WINDOWS
The function of a door is to give access to building and to different parts of the building and to deny the access whenever necessary. Number of doors should be…
ROOF
Roof is the uppermost portion of the building which protects the building from rain, wind and sun. Various types of roofs used may be divided broadly into three types: 1.…
Upper Floors
In olden days upper floors were made of timber floors or steel joist and stone slabs. For larger spans jack arch floorings were used. Jack arch floor consisted of I-section…
FLOORING
Purpose of flooring is to get a good hard, level and beautiful surface for living. The floors directly resting on the ground are known as ground floors while the floors…
