Elements of Pipeline Transfer Facilities
12.1 PIPES AND TUBES Pipes and tubes are long cylindrical conduits (the L/D ratio of which is very large as compared to tanks or vessels) of a hollow material of…
Introduction to Reactor Calculations
11.1 REACTORS IN REFINERIES AND PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS A reactor is a piece of equipment in which reactions are carried out to manufacture product materials chemically and physically different from the…
Introduction to Extraction
10.1 EXTRACTION PRINCIPLE If two liquids, a solvent and a solute, are in a homogeneous solution and a third liquid is introduced into the solution, there will be two liquid…
Heat Exchangers and Pipe-Still Furnaces
8.1 HEAT EXCHANGERS Heat exchanger equipment exchanges heat between a hot and a cold fl uid, i.e., cold fl uid is heated by hot fl uid without using any fi…
Introduction to Material and Energy Balances
7.1 MEASUREMENT OF QUANTITY OF CRUDE OIL AND PRODUCTS In a refi nery, crude oil is received in tanks and the stock is evaluated at a particular temperature in volumetric…
Introduction to Offsite Facilities, Power and Utilities
6.1 LAYOUT OF PETROLEUM AND PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS A refi nery or a petrochemical plant consists of various plants and equipment suitably grouped and located in various sites known as processing…
Petrochemicals
5.1 DEFINTIONS OF PETROCHEMICALS Petrochemicals are chemicals derived from petroleum products. Examples of petrochemicals are plastics, rubbers, fi bres, paints, solvents, and detergents. In fact, petroleum products are mixtures of…
Introduction to Lubricating Oil and Grease
4.1 COMPONENTS OF FINISHED LUBRICATING OILS The use of animal fats to reduce friction and wear and tear of mechanical parts has been the practice from time immemorial. However, since…
Introduction to Processing Operations in a Petroleum Refinery
3.1 CRUDE OIL RECEIVING In a refi nery, crude oil is received and stored in a fl oating roof tank. The roof is made of compartmented deck or pontoon fl…
Introduction to Petroleum Products and Test Methods
2.1 CRUDE OIL ANALYSIS Crude petroleum oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon gases, methane, ethane, propane, and butane, are present in crude oil in its dissolved state. Methane…
