Introduction to Crude Petroleum Oil
1.1 COMPOSITION OF CRUDE OIL The compounds in crude petroleum oil are essentially hydrocarbons or substituted hydrocarbons in which the major elements are carbon at 85%–90% and hydrogen at 10%–14%,…
Vibration Analysis: FFT, PSD, and Spectrogram Basics
FFT, PSD and spectrograms don't need to be so complicated. Once you understand the basics they can really help with your vibration analysis. This topic contain the right mix of…
Vibration Analysis
The vibration signature of a machine is the characteristic pattern of vibration it generates while it is in operation. It has been shown many times over that the vibration of…
Techniques and Select Industrial Applications of Thermal Imaging
Some thermal imaging techniques simply involve pointing a camera at a component and looking at areas of uneven heating or localized hot spots. The first two example applications discussed below…
Equipment – Imaging Technology
Imaging Systems Thermal imaging instruments measure radiated infrared energy and convert the data to corresponding maps of temperatures. A true thermal image is a gray scale image with hot items shown in…
Scientific Principles of Thermal Testing
Thermal Energy Energy can come in many forms, and it can change from one form to another but can never be lost. This is the First Law of Thermodynamics. A byproduct of…
Thermal Infrared Testing
Introduction Thermal Infrared Testing is also known as(AKA Thermal Inspection, Thermography, Thermal Imaging, Thermal Wave Imaging and Infrared Testing) (Photo courtesy of NASA/JPL-Caltech/IPAC) Thermal NDT methods involve the measurement or…
Neutron Radiography Testing
Also known as: Neutron Imaging, N-Ray Radiography, Neutron Tomography Similar to x-ray radiography, neutron radiography is a very efficient tool to enhance investigations in the field of non-destructive testing (NDT) as…
Microwave Nondestructive Testing
Abstract Microwave Nondestructive Testing (MNDT) techniques have advantages over other NDT methods (such as radiography, ultrasonics, and eddy current) regarding low cost, good penetration in nonmetallic materials, good resolution and contactless feature of the microwave…
Magnetic Flux Leakage
Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) is a method of non-destructive testing that is used to detect corrosion and pitting in metallic pipelines. MFL tools scan the full circumference and length of…
