Airport Planning and Design
Fundamentally, the airport is a point of connectivity in the transportation system. At the ends of a trip the airport provides for the change of mode from a ground to…
16 Fire Fighting
Without doubt, one of the main causes of accidents onboard ships is fire. This is because of the presence of high temperature, excess quantity of flammable oil and other combustible…
Fire Fighting Systems
The history of fire fighting systems on boats and what’s best for your boat. SOLAS Fire was not so well addressed within this first version of SOLAS is mainly due…
Autopilot Systems
An aircraft automatic pilot system controls the aircraft without the pilot directly maneuvering the controls. The autopilot maintains the aircraft’s attitude and/or direction and returns the aircraft to that condition…
Turn-and-Slip Indicator
The turn-and-slip indicator may also be referred to as the turnand-bank indicator, or needle-and-ball indicator. Regardless, it shows the correct execution of a turn while banking the aircraft and indicates…
Turn Coordinators
Many aircraft make use of a turn coordinator. The rotor of the gyro in a turn coordinator is canted upwards 30°. As such, it responds not only to movement about…
Gyroscopic Direction Indicator or Directional Gyro (DG)
The gyroscopic direction indicator or directional gyro (DG) is often the primary instrument for direction. Because a magnetic compass fluctuates so much, a gyro aligned with the magnetic compass gives…
Electric Attitude Indicators
Electric attitude indicators are very similar to vacuumdriven gyro indicators. The main difference is in the drive mechanism. Inside the gimbals of an electric gyro, a small squirrel cage electric…
Common Gyroscopic Instruments
Vacuum-Driven Attitude Gyros The attitude indicator, or artificial horizon, is one of the most essential flight instruments. It gives the pilot pitch and roll information that is especially important when…
Microelectromechanical Based Attitude and Directional Systems
On aircraft, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices save space and weight. Through the use of solid-state MEMS devices, reliability is increased primarily due to the lack of moving parts. The development…
