Social Rights
The Universal Declaration included social (or “welfare”) rights that address matters such as education, food, and employment. Their inclusion has been the source of much controversy (see Beetham 1995). Social…
Environmental Rights
In spite of the danger of rights inflation, there are doubtless norms that should be counted as human rights but are not generally so treated. After all, there are lots…
Rights of Women, Minorities, and Groups
Equality of rights for historically disadvantaged or subordinated groups is a longstanding concern of the human rights movement. Human rights documents repeatedly emphasize that all people, including women and members…
Civil and Political Rights
These rights are familiar from historic bills of rights such as the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789) and the U.S. Bill of Rights (1791, with subsequent amendments). Contemporary…
Which Rights are Human Rights?
This section discusses the question of which rights belong on lists of human rights. Not every question of social justice or wise governance is a human rights issue. For example,…
Political Conceptions of Human Rights
A political conception of human rights offers an account of what human rights are—or at least of what contemporary human rights are at the national and international levels. Advocates of…
Human Agency as the Basis of Human Rights
A justification for human rights—whether teleological, consequentialist, deontological, or something else—should justify the main features of human rights including their mandatory character, their universality, and their high priority. This makes…
Chloride Water Treatment
Chlorides are widely distributed in nature as salts of sodium (NaCl), potassium (KCl), and calcium (CaCl2). Chloride in water can be a residual of chlorine and has been attributed to…
How Can Human Rights Exist?
The most obvious way in which human rights exist is as norms of national and international law created by enactment and judicial decisions. At the international level, human rights norms…
pH adjustment
The need for pH adjustment or neutralization of the water depends on the water source, the species farmed and the production system (e.g. water reuse system). The principle used to…
