The Chemistry of Biology
Introduction In the beginning, there was biology. It reigned supreme over the other subject areas in splendor and elegance. It defined and explained the living parts of the world and…
Calculating the Stoichiometric Air-Fuel Ratio
Achieving fuel-efficiency in Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) is crucial to operation. In order to efficiently burn fuel in an ICE, you need the correct air-fuel ratio. Internal combustion engines burn…
HOT WIRE ANEMOMETER
Introduction Hot wire anemometers are hot wire resistance transducer which are used for measurement of flow rates of fluids. In hot wire anemometers resistive wire is used as a basic…
Variable Resistance Transducer
INTRODUCTION Electrical circuits consist of combinations of the three passive elements: resistor, inductor and capacitor. The primary parameters that describe them are respectively resistance, self or mutual inductance and capacitance.…
HUMIDITY MEASUREMENT USING RESISTIVE TRANSDUCERS
Humidity Humidity is the measure of water vapour present in a gas. It is usually measured as absolute humidity, relative humidity or dew point temperature. Absolute humidity or Specific humidity…
CALIBRATION
Calibration is an essential process to be undertaken for each instrument and measuring system frequently. A reference standard atleast ten times more accurate than the instrument under test is normally…
Class B Power Amplifier
When the collector current flows only during the positive half cycle of the input signal, the power amplifier is known as class B power amplifier. Class B Operation The biasing of…
DIGITAL VOLTMETERS
The digital voltmeter (DVM) displays measurements of dc or ac voltages as discrete numerals instead of a pointer deflection on a continuous scale as in analog devices. Numerical readout is…
Lithographic Processes
The process of lithographically fabricating microcomponents is analogous to printing a photograph in a darkroom. In phorography, an energy sensitive material (photo emulsion) is placed as a thin coating on…
Optical fibre
In all developed countries, long-distance communication links (which used to be called 'trunks', by analogy to 'trunk road') nearly always use optical fibre. It is only where the terrain makes…
