Basics
Mucosal Surfaces and Immune Tolerance
The innate and adaptive immune responses discussed thus far comprise the systemic immune system (affecting the whole body),…
July 14, 2021 · Rajil TLLatest articles
Basics
Adaptive Immune Response
The adaptive, or acquired, immune response takes days or even weeks to become established—much longer than the innate…
July 14, 2021 · Rajil TL
Basics
Phagocytosis and Inflammation
The first cytokines to be produced are pro-inflammatory; that is, they encourage inflammation, the localized redness, swelling, heat, and…
July 14, 2021 · Rajil TLBasics
The Immune System
Figure 23.1. In this compound light micrograph purple-stained neutrophil (upper left) and eosinophil (lower right) are white blood…
July 14, 2021 · Rajil TLBasics
Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
While the kidneys operate to maintain osmotic balance and blood pressure in the body, they also act in…
July 14, 2021 · Rajil TLBasics
Nitrogenous Wastes
Of the four major macromolecules in biological systems, both proteins and nucleic acids contain nitrogen. During the catabolism,…
July 14, 2021 · Rajil TLBasics
Excretion Systems
Microorganisms and invertebrate animals use more primitive and simple mechanisms to get rid of their metabolic wastes than…
July 14, 2021 · Rajil TLBasics
The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
Although the kidneys are the major osmoregulatory organ, the skin and lungs also play a role in the…
July 14, 2021 · Rajil TLBasics
Osmotic Regulation and Excretion
Figure 22.1. Just as humans recycle what we can and dump the remains into landfills, our bodies use…
July 14, 2021 · Rajil TL
Basics
Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessel that helps to…
July 14, 2021 · Rajil TL