Unsymmetrical Bending
When the plane of loads acting transversely on a beam does not contain any of the beam’s axes of symmetry, the loads may tend to produce twisting as well as bending.…
Members Subjected to Combined Forces
Most of the relationships presented in Arts. 3.16 to 3.19 hold only for symmetrical cross sections, e.g., rectangles, circles, and wide-flange beams, and only when the plane of the loads lies in…
How Fire Resistance Ratings are Measured
Will a four-hour fire wall really resist the spread of heat and flames for 240 minutes? Will a twohour floor/ceiling assembly truly prevent vertical fire spread for 120 minutes while…
Steel properties at low and high temperatures
Abstract: Aircraft and chemical processing equipment are now required to work at subzero temperatures and the behavior of metals at temperatures down to -150°C needs consideration, especially from the point…
Fire Protection of Steel Structures
Steel structures Building regulations require certain elements of a structure to have fire resistance. Whether or not an element requires fire resistance depends on the size the building, what it…
Fire Resistant Steels
Steel is inherently a noncombustible material. It loses strength when heated sufficiently. Steel structural properties and its yield strength considerably decrease when it is heated to temperatures seen in a…
Beam Design
Introduction In this article reinforced concret beam design is described in detail with solved examples. Beam design is described more in detail in these articles: Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams, Serviceability…
Fireproofing Methods for Structural Steel
Many building codes require fireproofing protection to structural steel as a safety precaution. The most common way to provide such protection in the U.S. is by spraying low-density fiber or cementitious compounds,…
