Gradient Solubility Model
Because of the large disparity in structure and properties of asphaltenes and oil fractions in VDR, it is surprising that VDR appears as a solution (one-phase material) rather than a…
Deasphalting Process
The deasphalting process in a refinery flow scheme as an intermediate process between vacuum distillation and dewaxing processes, for producing the refinery output streams as asphalt deasphalted oil (DAO), which…
Lubricating oils
At one time the suitability of petroleum fractions for use as lubricants depended entirely on the crude oils from which they were derived. Those from Pennsylvania crude, which were largely…
SYNTHETIC OR MINERAL BASE LUBRICANTS?
The synthetic base lubricants: § Offer better thermal and oxidative stability. § Retain their viscosity. § Are less mutable in different conditions. § Exhibit improved friction properties. § Exhibit lower solubility to additives. The low solubility…
How are lubricants produced
A lubricant consists of 70-100% base lubricants and up to 30% chemical compounds known as additives, which are fully mixed. BASE OIL: WHAT IS IT? HOW CAN IT BE PRODUCED?…
Reflux
Reflux is a technique involving the condensation of vapors and the return of this condensate to the system from which it originated. It is used in industrial and laboratory distillations. It is also used in chemistry to…
Distillation Column Internals
Trays and Plates BUBBLE CAP TRAYS A bubble cap tray has riser or chimney fitted over each hole, and a cap that covers the riser. The cap is mounted so…
Vacuum Distillation
In order to further distill the residuum or topped crude from the atmospheric tower at higher temperatures, reduced pressure is required to prevent thermal cracking. The process takes place in…
Atmospheric Distillation
The desalted crude feedstock is preheated using recovered process heat. The feedstock then flows to a direct-fired crude charge heater where it is fed into the vertical distillation column just…
CRUDE OIL DEHYDRATION AND DESALTING
A division in Gemwater is focused on the separation and treatment of waters present in crude oil. Crude oil dehydration/desalting process consists in the separation of the aqueous phase present…
