Bipolar transistors
Bipolar transistors simultaneously use holes and electrons to conduct, hence their name (from “two polarities”). Like FETs, bipolar transistors contain p- and n-type materials configured in input, middle, and output…
Complementary metal-oxide semiconductors
Recall that placing a positive voltage at the gate of an n-type enhanced-mode FET will turn the switch on. Placing the same voltage at the gate of a p-type enhanced-mode…
Basic Semiconductor Design
Any material can be classified as one of three types: conductor, insulator, or semiconductor. A conductor (such as copper or salt water) can easily conduct electricity because it has an…
Microprocessors
Microprocessors are the most-complicated ICs. They are composed of billions of transistors that have been configured as thousands of individual digital circuits, each of which performs some specific logic function.…
Basic IC Types
Analog versus digital circuits Analog, or linear, circuits typically use only a few components and are thus some of the simplest types of ICs. Generally, analog circuits are connected to…
Integrated circuit
Integrated circuit (IC), also called microelectronic circuit, microchip, or chip, an assembly of electronic components, fabricated as a single unit, in which miniaturized active devices (e.g., transistors and diodes) and…
Crystal Oscillator Circuit
A crystal oscillator uses a crystal to develop some electrical signal at a certain frequency. When mechanical pressure is applied on the crystal, it produces an electrical signal across its…
H Bridge Circuit
An H bridge is an electronic circuit that enables a voltage to be an applied across a load in either direction. The H bridge is a very effective method for…
The Common Emitter Amplifier
The transistors can be used as amplifiers where the amplitude of the input signal is increased. A transistor connected in common emitter mode is biased in such a way that…
Bistable Multivibrator using 555 Timer
The bi-stable mode has two stable states which are high and low states. The high and low of the output signals are controlled by trigger and reset inputs pins ,…
