General Concepts 2 min read
Toluene, benzene, polyurethane and phenolic chain
Tolune diisocyanate (TDI) is an isocyanate used in the production of polyurethanes for flexible foam applications, ranging from furniture, bedding, and…
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Aromatics
Aromatics, so called because of their distinctive perfumed smell, are a group of hydrocarbons that include benzene, toluene and the…
General Concepts 2 min read
Petrochemical
Petrochemicals are chemicals made from petroleum or natural gas. Primary petrochemicals are divided into three groups, depending on their chemical…
General Concepts 2 min read
Blending and distribution
After the refining processes, the various fractions are stored in intermediate tanks, then blended into marketable products for loading onto…
General Concepts 5 min read
Upgrading and advanced processes
The Refinery make up differs from an upstream plant, in that the overall site is divided up in to process…
General Concepts 6 min read
Refining
Up to the early 1970s, crude oil prices were kept reasonably stable by major international oil companies and industrialized nations.…
General Concepts 1 min read
Storage, transport and regasification of LNG
Storage at the terminals and on LNG carriers is done in cryogenic tanks at atmospheric pressure or slightly above, up…
General Concepts 6 min read
LNG
LNG is a gas transport product. The gas, which is primarily methane (CH4), is converted to liquid form for ease…
General Concepts 3 min read
Pipeline management, control and safety
Pipeline management is used to maintain operation and integrity of the pipeline system. It is usually handled by a SCADA…
General Concepts 1 min read
Liquid pipelines, pump and valve stations
Liquid crude or product pipelines are handled much the same way, with pump stations and block valve stations along the…
General Concepts 3 min read
Pipelines Installations
Pipeline installations consist of driving compressors and pumps, valve stations, pig receive/launch facilities, where the pig is used for cleaning…
General Concepts 7 min read
Gas processing
Raw natural gas must be processed to meet the trading specifications of pipeline and gas distribution companies. As part of…