Plate elements of a cross-section may buckle locally due to compressive stresses. The local buckling can be avoided before the limit state is achieved by limiting the width to thickness ratio of each element of a cross-section subjected to compression due to axial force, moment or shear. When plastic analysis is used, the members shall be capable of forming plastic hinges with sufficient rotation capacity (ductility) without local buckling, to enable the redistribution of bending moment required before formation of the failure mechanism. When elastic analysis is used, the member shall be capable of developing the yield stress under compression without local buckling. On basis of the above, Cl. 3.7 of IS 800:200 categorizes the sections in to four classes as follows.
When different elements of a cross-section fall under different classes, the section shall be classified as governed by the most critical element. The maximum value of limiting width to thickness ratios of elements for different classifications of sections are given in Table 2 of IS 800:2007 which is reproduced here as Table 3.
1. Class 1 (Plastic)
Cross-sections which can develop plastic hinges and have the rotation capacity required for failure of the structure by formation of plastic mechanism fall under this category. The width to thickness ratio of plate elements shall be less than that specified under Class 1 (Plastic), in Table 2 of IS 800:2007.
2. Class 2 (Compact)
Cross-sections which can develop plastic moment of resistance, but have inadequate plastic hinge rotation capacity for formation of plastic mechanism, due to local buckling come under this class. The width to thickness ratio of plate elements shall be less than that specified under Class 2 (Compact), but greater than that specified under Class 1 (Plastic), in Table 2 of IS 800:2007.
3. Class 3 (Semi-compact)
Cross-sections in which the extreme fiber in compression can reach yield stress but cannot develop the plastic moment of resistance, due to local buckling. The width to thickness ratio of plate elements shall be less than that specified under Class 3 (Semi-compact), but greater than that specified under Class 2 (Compact), in Table 2 of IS 800:2007.
4. Class 4 (Slender)
Cross-sections in which the elements buckle locally even before reaching yield stress. The width to thickness ratio of plate elements shall be greater than that specified under Class 3 (Semi-compact), in Table 2 of IS 800:2007. In such cases, the effective sections for design shall be calculated either by following the provisions of IS 801 to account for the post-local-buckling strength or by deducting width of the compression plate element in excess of the semi-compact section limit.
