What are human monoclonal antibodies?
An antibody is a protein produced by the body’s immune system in response to antigens, which are harmful substances. Antigens include bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, chemicals, and other substances the immune system identifies as foreign. Sometimes the body mistakenly identifies normal tissues as foreign and produces antibodies against the tissue. This is the underlying cause of autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis or MS.
Antibodies are naturally produced by the immune system. However, scientists can produce antibodies in the lab that mimic the action of the immune system. These man-made (synthetic) antibodies act against proteins that attack normal tissues in people with autoimmune disorders. Man-made antibodies are produced by introducing human genes that produce antibodies into mice or another suitable mammal. The mice then are vaccinated with the antigen that scientists want to produce antibodies against. This causes the immune cells of the mice to produce the desired human antibody. The term monoclonal antibody means that the man-made antibody is synthesized from cloned immune cells, and the identical monoclonal antibody produced binds to one type of antigen. Polyclonal antibodies are synthesized from different immune cells and the antibodies produced bind to multiple antigens.
List and types of monoclonal antibodies (FDA approved)
Here is a list of examples some FDA-approved monoclonal antibody drugs.
- abciximab (Reopro)
- adalimumab (Humira, Amjevita)
- alefacept (Amevive)
- alemtuzumab (Campath)
- basiliximab (Simulect)
- belimumab (Benlysta)
- bezlotoxumab (Zinplava)
- canakinumab (Ilaris)
- certolizumab pegol (Cimzia)
- cetuximab (Erbitux)
- daclizumab (Zenapax, Zinbryta)
- denosumab (Prolia, Xgeva)
- efalizumab (Raptiva)
- golimumab (Simponi, Simponi Aria)
- inflectra (Remicade)
- ipilimumab (Yervoy)
- ixekizumab (Taltz)
- natalizumab (Tysabri)
- nivolumab (Opdivo)
- olaratumab (Lartruvo)
- omalizumab (Xolair)
- palivizumab (Synagis)
- panitumumab (Vectibix)
- pembrolizumab (Keytruda)
- rituximab (Rituxan)
- tocilizumab (Actemra)
- trastuzumab (Herceptin)
- secukinumab (Cosentyx)
- ustekinumab (Stelara)
Each monoclonal antibody listed above has a role in treating a targeted disease (for example, basiliximab treats transplant rejection while belimumab treats
