Basics 3 min read
The Ovarian Cycle and the Menstrual Cycle
The ovarian and menstrual cycles are regulated by hormones of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries (Figure 13.17). The ebb and…
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Basics 3 min read
Hormonal Control of Reproduction
The human male and female reproductive cycles are controlled by the interaction of hormones from the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary…
Basics 3 min read
Gametogenesis (Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis)
Gametogenesis, the production of sperm and eggs, involves the process of meiosis. During meiosis, two nuclear divisions separate the paired…
Basics 7 min read
Human Reproduction
As in all animals, the adaptations for reproduction in humans are complex. They involve specialized and different anatomies in the…
Basics 4 min read
Development and Organogenesis
The process by which an organism develops from a single-celled zygote to a multi-cellular organism is complex and well regulated.…
Basics 4 min read
Fertilization
The fusion of a sperm and an egg is a process called fertilization. This can occur either inside (internal fertilization)…
Basics 3 min read
Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction is the combination of reproductive cells from two individuals to form genetically unique offspring. The nature of the…
Basics 6 min read
Introduction to Animal Reproduction and Development
Figure 13.1 Female seahorses produce eggs that are then fertilized by the male. Unlike with almost all other animals, the…
Basics 6 min read
Disruptions in the Immune System
A functioning immune system is essential for survival, but even the sophisticated cellular and molecular defenses of the mammalian immune…
Basics 3 min read
Mucosal Immune System
The innate and adaptive immune responses compose the systemic immune system (affecting the whole body), which is distinct from the…
Basics 2 min read
The Lymphatic System
Lymph is the watery fluid that bathes tissues and organs and contains protective white blood cells but does not contain…
Basics 3 min read
Immunological Memory
The adaptive immune system has a memory component that allows for a rapid and large response upon reinvasion of the…