Electrochemical Gradient
We have discussed simple concentration gradients—differential concentrations of a substance across a…
Active Transport
Active transport mechanisms require the use of the cell’s energy, usually in…
Animal Cells versus Plant Cells
Despite their fundamental similarities, there are some striking differences between animal and…
Ribosomes, Mitochondria & Peroxisomes
Ribosomes Ribosomes are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis. When viewed through…
Vesicles and Vacuoles
Vesicles and vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs that function in storage and transport.…
Lysosomes
In animal cells, the lysosomes are the cell’s “garbage disposal.” Digestive enzymes within the…
The Endomembrane System
The endomembrane system (endo = within) is a group of membranes and organelles in…
Flagella and Cilia
Flagella (singular = flagellum) are long, hair-like structures that extend from the…


