OBJECT AND USES OF SURVEYING
As stated in the definition, object of surveying is to show relative…
Introduction to Surveying
Surveying is the art of making measurements of objects on, above or…
Measuring Principles
Although there are many EDM instruments available, there are basically only two…
Field surveying
Introduction This chapter is designed to introduce you to the various surveying…
Distance Adjustment
To eliminate or minimize the systematic errors of taping, it is necessary…
Distance measurement
Distance is one of the fundamental measurements in surveying. Although frequently measured…
EQUIPMENT
The equipment used in the levelling process comprises optical levels and graduated…
Vertical control
INTRODUCTION This chapter describes the various heighting procedures used to obtain the…
Basic concept of errors
The basic concept of errors in the data captured by the surveyor…


