Principles of Congestion Control
In the previous sections, we've examined both the general principles and specific TCP mechanisms used to provide for a reliable data transfer service in the face of packet loss. We mentioned earlier…
Connection-Oriented Transport: TCP
Now that we have covered the underlying principles of reliable data transfer, let's turn to TCP – the Internet's transport-layer, connection-oriented, reliable transport protocol. In this section, we'll see that in order…
Reliable Data Transfer
In this section, we consider the problem of reliable data transfer in a general context. This is appropriate since the problem of implementing reliable data transfer occurs not only at…
Connectionless Transport: UDP
The Internet makes two transport protocols available to its applications, UDP and TCP. In this section we take a close look at UDP: how it works and what it does. The reader is encouraged…
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Applications
In this section we discuss the multiplexing/demultiplexing of messages by the transport layer from/to the application layer. In order to keep the discussion concrete, we'll discuss this basic service in…
DNS – The Internet’s Directory Service
We human beings can be identified in many ways. For example, we can be identified by the names that appear on our birth certificates. We can be identified by our…
Electronic Mail in the Internet
Along with the Web, electronic mail is one of the most popular Internet applications. Just like ordinary "snail mail," email is asynchronous – people send and read messages when it…
File Transfer: FTP
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a protocol for transferring a file from one host to another host. The protocol dates back to 1971 (when the Internet was still an experiment), but…
Web Caches
A Web cache – also called a proxy server – is a network entity that satisfies HTTP requests on the behalf of a client. The Web cache has its own disk storage, and keeps in this…
Boiler Uptake Fire and Exhaust Gas Economiser Fire
Auxiliary boiler uptake or flue gases normally pass through economisers or air pre-heaters or feed water heaters. All these types of heat exchangers are fin type. Hence large amount of…
