Internet Backbones, NAPs and ISPs
Our discussion of layering in the previous section has perhaps given the impression that the Internet is a carefully organized and highly intertwined structure. This is certainly true in the…
The Network Edge
In the previous sections we presented a high-level description of the Internet and networking protocols. We are now going to delve a bit more deeply into the components of the…
Protocol Layers and Their Service Models
From our discussion thus far, it is apparent that the Internet is an extremely complicated system. We have seen that there are many "pieces" to the Internet: numerous applications and protocols, various…
Variable Injection Timing or VIT in Fuel Pumps
For a simple jerk type fuel pump, start of fuel injection is fixed at the point at which the top of the plunger covers the spill port. End of injection,…
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Packet-Switched Networks
Delay, Loss, and Throughput in Packet-Switched Networks Earlier we have said that the internet can be viewed as an infrastructure that provides services to distributed applications running on end systems.…
Softswitch & Application Servers
A softswitch is a centrally located device in a network which connects telephone calls from one phone line to another, entirely by means of a specialized software running on a computer…
Checking Holding Down Bolts
The classification societies requirement is that holding down bolts be checked by a surveyor, within each survey circle. this interval of time may be too long and the bolts should…
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is an architectural framework for offering multimedia and voice over IP services. IMS is access independent as it supports multiple access types including GSM, WCDMA, CDMA2000,…
Troubleshooting Combustion in Marine Engines
Marine fuels used in ships are considered of the lowest grade as far as the quality is concerned. Massive engines of the ships consume thousands of litres of fuel each…
Session Border Controller (SBC)
VoIP growth is undeniable and many service providers are using IP networks to reduce operational costs of trunking PSTN traffic between central offices. However, this growth resides in VoIP islands…
