Units Of Measurement
The system most commonly used for the definition of units of measurement, for example of distance and angle, is the ‘Système Internationale’, abbreviated to SI. The basic units of prime…
Error and uncertainty
In surveying nothing is ever absolutely certain. The product of surveying may be thought of as being in two parts, that is, the derivation of the desired quantities such as…
Plotting Detail
In the past, detail would have been plotted on paper or a more stable medium such as plastic film. However, today all practical ‘plotting ‘is computer based and there is…
Locating Position
Establishing control networks and their subsequent computation leads to an implied rectangular coordinate system over the area surveyed. The minor control points in particular can now be used to position…
Control Networks
The establishment of two- or three-dimensional control networks is the most fundamental operation in the surveying of large or small areas of land. Control networks comprise a series of points…
Methods of Levelling
Method 1 : It is done with only one setting of the instrument. · Method 2: When the two station points are wide apart and the instrument is set up at…
Levelling
It is a surveying method used to determine the level of points/objects with reference to the selected datum. · It is also used to set out engineering works. Uses of Levelling:…
To find QB from WCB
Solution : Line PA lies in 1st quadrant. Quadrant Bearing of PA = N 35o 15’ E Solution : Line PB lies in 2nd quadrant. Quadrant Bearing bearing of PB…
Compass Surveying – Prismatic Compass
Whenever a number of base lines are to be run for obtaining the details as in traversing, just linear measurements made by chain surveying will not be sufficient. · The angles…
Chain Surveying
In chain surveying only linear distances on the field are measured. · These distances are used to define the boundary of field and mark simple details. Principle : It is to…
