MOBILE IP
While systems like GSM have been designed with mobility in mind, the internet started at a time when no one had thought of mobile computers. Today‘s internet lacks any mechanisms…
Human History of Maritime Exploitation and Adaptation Process to Coastal and Marine Environments – A View from the Case of Wallacea and the Pacific
Fish and shellfish are part of the major aquatic food resources and play significant role for human diet and tools for a long time, while its evolutional process of exploiting…
UMTS
The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a third generation mobile cellular system for networks based on the GSM standard. Developed and maintained by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project),…
GPRS
INTRODUCTION: General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service available to users of the 2G cellular communication systems, 3G systems and GSM. GPRS re-use the existing GSM infrastructure.…
SECURITY
GSM offers several security services using confidential information stored in the AuC and in the individual SIM (which is plugged into an arbitrary MS). The SIM stores personal, secret data…
MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
Mobility management is one of the major functions of a GSM or a UMTS network that allows mobile phones to work. The aim of mobility management is to track where…
ROUTING
A satellite system together with gateways and fixed terrestrial networks as shown in Figure 5.1 has to route data transmissions from one user to another as any other network does.…
FREQUENCY ALLOCATION
Radio transmission can take place using many different frequency bands. Each frequency band exhibits certain advantages and disadvantages. Figure gives a rough overview of the frequency spectrum that can be…
CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT
The number dialed to reach a mobile subscriber (MSISDN) contains no information at all about the current location of the subscriber. In order to establish a complete connection to a…
GSM – Protocol Stack
GSM architecture is a layered model that is designed to allow communications between two different systems. The lower layers assure the services of the upper-layer protocols. Each layer passes suitable…
