GSM – Architecture
A GSM network comprises of many functional units. These functions and interfaces are explained in this chapter. The GSM network can be broadly divided into: · The Mobile Station (MS) · The…
Monitoring the Coastal Environment Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
MAIN ISSUES OF COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS Until now, there has been no strict definition of coastal zones. Generally, coastal zones are the transition zones between the land and the ocean .…
What is GSM?
If you are in Europe or Asia and using a mobile phone, then most probably you are using GSM technology in your mobile phone. · GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication. It…
Spread Spectrum Multiple Access
Spread spectrum multiple access (SSMA) uses signals which have a transmission bandwidth whose magnitude is greater than the minimum required RF bandwidth. There are two main types of spread spectrum…
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
FDMA is the basic technology for advanced mobile phone services. The features of FDMA are as follows. FDMA allots a different sub-band of frequency to each different user to access…
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
In the cases where continuous transmission is not required, there TDMA is used instead of FDMA. The features of TDMA include the following. TDMA shares a single carrier frequency with…
Management of Marine Protected Zones – Case Study of Bahrain, Arabian Gulf
Human-induced pressures including unsustainable fishery activities, coastal development, and pollution are major challenges to the conservation of biodiversity and natural and cultural resources in coastal and marine environments. Marine protected…
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Code division multiple access technique is an example of multiple access where several transmitters use a single channel to send information simultaneously. Its features are as follows. In CDMA every…
Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
Space division multiple access or spatial division multiple access is a technique which is MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) architecture and used mostly in wireless and satellite communication. It has the following…
MAC Protocols
The Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is used to provide the data link layer of the Ethernet LAN system. The MAC protocol encapsulates a SDU (payload data) by adding a…
