Fundamental Concept
A computer is basically a programmable machine capable to perform arithmetic and logical operations automatically and sequentially. It is also known as a data processor, as it can store, process,…
4wd Suspensions
For many years, the front suspensions on 4WD vehicles were nearly identical to the rear suspensions. A large live axle supported with either leaf or coil springs for support was…
Types of Suspension Systems
Even though there are many different suspension setups, most types can be categorized into one of these types: MacPherson strut, modified strut, multilink, short/long arm, I-beam, and solid axles. Regardless…
Steering Knuckles
Steering knuckles support the wheel and tire, brakes, and sprung weight of the vehicle. A steering knuckle can be mounted in a variety of ways for both front and rear…
Ball Joints
Ball joints allow the steering knuckle to pivot for steering while providing a tight connection to the control arms and preventing any unwanted up and down or sideways movement. Ball…
Control Arms
Control arms are used to control wheel movement. Used on both front and rear suspensions, they are commonly referred to by their position, such as the upper and lower control…
Shock Absorbers
Shock absorbers are actually dampers, meaning that they reduce or make something less intense. The springs do the shock absorbing while the shocks dampen the spring oscillations. Without the shocks,…
Sprung and Unsprung Weight
Weight carried by the springs is called sprung weight. Weight not carried by the springs is called unsprung weight. The less unsprung weight a vehicle has, the better the handling and…
Springs
The springs in the suspension have two important functions. Springs support the vehicle weight and absorb the bumps and movements that occur when driving. There are four types of springs…
Lateral Acceleration
Lateral acceleration is the measurement of the vehicles ability to corner. What we feel during a corner is that a force pushes the vehicle and its occupants to the outside…
