Introduction to Investigation of Measurement for Travel Time Variability
Congestion has grown over the past two decades making the travel time highly unreliable. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), US Department of Transportation (USDOT) indicated travel time as an important index to measure congestion. Frequent but stochastic, irregular delays increase the challenge for people to plan their journey – e.g. when to depart from the origin, which mode(s) and route(s) to use so the on-time arrival at the destination can be ensured. In addition to average travel time, the reliability of travel time has been deemed as an index for quantifying the effects of congestion, which can be applied to the areas of transportation system planning, management and operations as well as network modeling. Travel time reliability has been classified into two categories: probability of a non-failure over time and variability of travel time (Elefteriadou and Cui, 2005). The variability of travel time plays an important role in …
Introduction to Microwave Beamforming Networks for Intelligent Transportation Systems
An Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is a system based on wireless communications which has been investigated for many years in order to provide new technologies able to improve safety and efficiency of road transportation with integrated vehicle and road systems. It combines all aspects of technology and systems design concepts in order to develop and improve transportation system of all kinds. ITS, which utilise information and communications technology in vehicle as well as within the roadside infrastructure, can also be used to improve mobility while increasing transport safety, reducing traffic congestion, maximising comfort, and reducing environmental impact (Andrisano et al., 2000). Intelligent transportation systems and applications can improve the quality of travel by selecting routes with up-to-the-minute information data, giving priority to response vehicle teams, notifying drivers about road incidents, and delivering ITS services to drivers. They can reduce fuel consumption by routing the vehicles to their destinations so that fuel waste is significantly reduced, and also fully utilise the capacity of the existing road vehicular networks by controlling the flow of vehicles based on traffic monitoring and detecting congestions. Vehicles within the ITS framework have to work in an autonomous manner to sense the driving environment and in a cooperative manner to exchange information data such as…
Introduction to Modelling, Simulation Methods for Intelligent Transportation Systems
Effective transportation systems lead to the efficient movement of goods and people, which significantly contribute to the quality of life in every society. In the heart of every economic and social development, there is always a transportation system. Meanwhile, traffic congestion has been increasing worldwide because of increased motorization, urbanization, population growth, and changes in population density. This threatens the social and economic prosperity of communities all over the world. Congestion reduces utilization of the transportation infrastructure and increases travel time, air pollution, and fuel consumption. Therefore, managing and controlling transportation systems becomes a high priority task for every community, as it constitutes a matter of survival and prosperity for humanity. In the search for meeting the demand for more traffic capacity, it has been realised repeatedly that building more roads is no longer a feasible solution due to the high cost and/or…
Introduction to Investigation of Measurement for Travel Time Variability
Congestion has grown over the past two decades making the travel time highly unreliable. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), US Department of Transportation (USDOT) indicated travel time as an important index to measure congestion. Frequent but stochastic, irregular delays increase the challenge for people to plan their journey – e.g. when to depart from the origin, which mode(s) and route(s) to use so the on-time arrival at the destination can be ensured. In addition to average travel time, the reliability of travel time has been deemed as an index for quantifying the effects of congestion, which can be applied to the areas of transportation system planning, management and operations as well as network modeling. Travel time reliability has been classified into two categories: probability of a non-failure over time and variability of travel time (Elefteriadou and Cui, 2005). The variability of travel time plays an important role in …
Introduction to Applying Vehicular Networks for Reduced
Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions These days the detrimental effects of air pollutants and concerns about global warming are being increasingly reported by the media. In many countries, fuel prices have been rising considerably. In western Canada, for instance, the gasoline price almost doubled from about 53 cents/liter in 1998 to 109 cents/liter in 2010 (Wiebe, 2011). In terms of the air pollution problem, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from vehicles are considered to be one of the main contributing sources. Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) is the largest component of GHG emissions. For example, in Japan in 2008, the amount of CO2 emissions from vehicles (200 million ton) is about 17 percent of the entire CO2 emissions from Japan (1200 million ton) (Tsugawa & Kato, 2010). The Kyoto Protocol aims to stabilize the GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous alterations to the regional and global climates (OECD/IEA, 2009). As a result, it is important to develop and implement effective strategies to reduce fuel expenditure and prevent further increases in CO2 emissions from vehicles. A significant amount of fuel consumption and emissions can be attributed…
Introduction toDesign, Optimization and Modelling of High Power Density Direct-Drive Wheel Motor for Light Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Recent environmental concerns due to global warming and air pollution motivated many countries around the world to legislate fuel economy and emission regulations for ground vehicles . Furthermore, the necessity…
Introduction to Performance Analysis of an Integrated Starter-Alternator-Booster for Hybrid Electric Vehicles
As the electrification of vehicle propulsion at low (e-bikes) and high power (buses) continues to extend, the current research efforts on this topic are focused especially on increasing the autonomy…
Introduction to Hybrid Energy Storage System for a Coaxial Power-Split Hybrid Powertrain
Energy conservation and emission reduction are two important tasks for a sustainable development of our industrial society. In terms of automotive industry, applications of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), electric vehicle (EV),…
Introduction to Advanced Charging System for Hybrid Energy Storage System for a Coaxial
Electric vehicles (EVs) have received an intensive attention during the last decade due to their characteristics as vehicles as well as other additional benefits that cannot be offered by conventional…
Introduction to Development of Bus Drive Technology towards Zero Emissions: A Review
Over the past 100 years, the bus industry has come to be dominated by diesel powered buses due to their increasingly low cost and greater maturity of the technology. However,…
