Hydrodynamic Lubrication (HL)
Hydrodynamic lubrication is a way that is used to reduce friction and/or wear of rubbing solids with the aid of liquid (or semi-solid) lubricant. For a vast majority of the surfaces encountered in nature and…
Engine Friction and Lubrication
Engine friction – terminology – Pumping loss – Rubbing friction loss Engine Friction: terminology Friction components
Lubricant base stocks
Why are base stocks important? Lubricant properties affected by base stocks What are base stocks? Chemical bonds and terminology Base stock molecules – hydrocarbons Base stock molecules – polars
Bearing Lubrication
Lubricants take the form of either oil or grease. Oil lubricants are most common in high speed, high-temperature applications that need heat transfer away from working bearing surfaces. Bearing oils…
Gasoline blending
One of the most critical economic issues for a petroleum refiner is selecting the optimal combination of components to produce final gasoline products. Gasoline blending is much more complicated than a simple…
Isomerization Process
The isomerization process is gaining importance in the present refining context due to limitations on gasoline benzene, aromatics, and olefin contents. The isomerization process upgrades the octane number of light…
Alkylation
Alkylation, in petroleum refining, chemical process in which light, gaseous hydrocarbons are combined to produce high-octane components of gasoline. The light hydrocarbons consist of olefins such as propylene and butylene and isoparaffins such as…
Polymerization in Petroleum Refinery
The light vaporous hydrocarbons created by synergist breaking are exceptionally unsaturated and are normally changed over into high-octane gas segments in polymerization or alkylation forms. In polymerization, the light olefins…
Cracking methodologies
Thermal cracking Modern high-pressure thermal cracking operates at absolute pressures of about 7,000 kPa. An overall process of disproportionation can be observed, where "light", hydrogen-rich products are formed at the…
Visbreaking, thermal cracking, and coking
Since World War II the demand for light products (e.g., gasoline, jet, and diesel fuels) has grown, while the requirement for heavy industrial fuel oils has declined. Furthermore, many of the new sources of crude…
