Distributed Reasoning
Introduction There are many reasons why we might want to implement or adopt a distributed approach to reasoning in an AI system: Humans do it -- psychological models.Parallel machines exist…
Bayesian networks
These are also called Belief Networks or Probabilistic Inference Networks. Initially developed by Pearl (1988). The basic idea is: Knowledge in the world is modular -- most events are conditionally independent of most other events.Adopt…
Dempster-Shafer Models
This can be regarded as a more general approach to representing uncertainty than the Bayesian approach. Bayesian methods are sometimes inappropriate: Let A represent the proposition Demi Moore is attractive. Then…
Belief Models and Certainty Factors
This approach has been suggested by Shortliffe and Buchanan and used in their famous medical diagnosis MYCIN system. MYCIN is essentially and expert system. Here we only concentrate on the probabilistic…
Basic Statistical methods — Probability
The basic approach statistical methods adopt to deal with uncertainty is via the axioms of probability: Probabilities are (real) numbers in the range 0 to 1.A probability of P(A) = 0…
Symbolic versus statistical reasoning
The (Symbolic) methods basically represent uncertainty belief as being True,False, orNeither True nor False. Some methods also had problems with Incomplete KnowledgeContradictions in the knowledge. Statistical methods provide a method for…
Implementations: Truth Maintenance Systems
A variety of Truth Maintenance Systems (TMS) have been developed as a means of implementing Non-Monotonic Reasoning Systems. Basically TMSs: all do some form of dependency directed backtrackingassertions are connected via a…
Circumscription
Circumscription is a rule of conjecture that allows you to jump to the conclusion that the objects you can show that posses a certain property, p, are in fact all the objects…
Non-Monotonic Reasoning
Predicate logic and the inferences we perform on it is an example of monotonic reasoning. In monotonic reasoning if we enlarge at set of axioms we cannot retract any existing assertions or…
Reasoning with Uncertainty
What is reasoning? When we require any knowledge system to do something it has not been explicitly told how to do it must reason.The system must figure out what it needs…
