7 Forms Of Defects In Plaster
Types of defects in plaster This post describes 7 different categories of defects most frequently noticed in plaster (as mentioned below) 1. Non-structural cracks 2. Structural cracks 3. Debonding 4. Lack of hardness 5. Grinning…
An Introduction to the Field of Civil Engineering
Civil engineering is the oldest and one of the most versatile branches of engineering. Every structure that we see around today is a creation of civil engineering. Civil engineering is…
The Architecture of Arches
Graceful, flowing, contemplative, and strong. Arches have been incorporated into stunning and timeless examples of practical architecture for thousands of years, and probably thousands more to come. Like A Rainbow…
ELECTROMAGNETIC DISTANCE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Sun light or artificially generated electromagnetic waves consists of waves of different lengths. The spectrum of an electromagnetic wave Among these waves microwaves, infrared waves and visible light waves are…
Measurement of Vertical Angle
Horizontal sight is taken as zero vertical angle. Angle of elevations are noted as +ve angles and angle of depression as –ve angles. To measure vertical angle the following procedure may be…
ERRORS IN PLANE TABLE SURVEYING
The errors may be grouped into the instrumental and personal errors. Instrumental Errors 1. The surface of plane table not perfectly plane. 2. Bevelled edge of alidade not straight. 3.…
TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS OF A LEVEL
The adjustments to be made at every setting of the instrument are called temporary adjustments. The following three adjustments are required for the instrument whenever set over a new point…
Level and Levelling
Elevation measurements Elevation measurements involve measurements in vertical plane. It is also known as levelling. It may be defined as the art of determining the elevations of given points above…
Parts of a Vernier Theodolite
Shows a sectional view of a typical Vernier theodolite and plate 16.1 shows photograph of such theodolite. Main parts of such a theodolite are: 1. Telescope: A telescope is mounted on…
TERMS USED IN DIRECT METHOD OF LEVELLING
The following terms are used in direct method of levelling: (i) Plane of Collimation: It is the reduced level of plane of sight with respect to the datum selected. It is…
