Basics
Development and Organogenesis
The process by which an organism develops from a single-celled zygote to a multi-cellular organism is complex and…
July 14, 2021 · Rajil TLLatest articles
Basics
Fertilization
The fusion of a sperm and an egg is a process called fertilization. This can occur either inside…
July 14, 2021 · Rajil TL
Basics
Sexual Reproduction
Sexual reproduction is the combination of reproductive cells from two individuals to form genetically unique offspring. The nature…
July 14, 2021 · Rajil TL
Basics
Introduction to Animal Reproduction and Development
Figure 13.1 Female seahorses produce eggs that are then fertilized by the male. Unlike with almost all other…
July 14, 2021 · Rajil TL
Basics
Disruptions in the Immune System
A functioning immune system is essential for survival, but even the sophisticated cellular and molecular defenses of the…
July 14, 2021 · Rajil TL
Basics
Mucosal Immune System
The innate and adaptive immune responses compose the systemic immune system (affecting the whole body), which is distinct…
July 14, 2021 · Rajil TL
Basics
The Lymphatic System
Lymph is the watery fluid that bathes tissues and organs and contains protective white blood cells but does…
July 14, 2021 · Rajil TL
Basics
Immunological Memory
The adaptive immune system has a memory component that allows for a rapid and large response upon reinvasion…
July 14, 2021 · Rajil TL
Basics
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Unlike B cells, T lymphocytes are unable to recognize pathogens without assistance. Instead, dendritic cells and macrophages first…
July 14, 2021 · Rajil TL
Basics
Adaptive Immunity
The adaptive, or acquired, immune response takes days or even weeks to become established—much longer than the innate…
July 14, 2021 · Rajil TL