Benefits and Uses of Hydrotherapy
Here's a look at several findings from the available research on the…
Types of Hydrotherapy
Hydrotherapy is the use of water, both internally and externally and at varying…
ASTM Petroleum Test Methods
ASTM test methods for the full range of petroleum and petroleum refined products are available…
Reflux and Reflux Ratio
Reflux is the ratio between the amounts of material that returned to…
Vacuum distillation is a key part of the petroleum refining process
Source: Reproduced with permission from Valero Energy Corporation. About 80% of the refineries…
Crude oil desalting
Removing salts and solids from crude oil is critical to refinery production…
What does this signal for crude oil?
Very clearly, it suggests an up-move in the price of crude oil.…
TBP, ASTM, and EFV Compared
The TBP, ASTM, and EFV distillation methods achieve different levels of separation…
Equilibrium Flash Vaporization (EFV)
Equilibrium flash vaporization involves heating a flowing feed and the separation of…
TBP/ASTM distillation curves
The most important characterization properties of the crude/intermediate/product streams are the TBP/ASTM…


