Microorganisms: An introduction
Microscopic organisms, commonly known as microorganisms or microbes, are found all around us and even inside our bodies. The category ‘Microbes’ includes a massive range of organisms including bacteria, fungi,…
Industrial Fermentation
Introduction Industrial fermentation is that the intentional use of fermentation by microorganisms like microorganism and fungi to form product helpful to humans. soured product have applications as food still as…
Scope of Biotechnology, Its Importance and Impacts
Biotechnology is the technologies applied to biology, molecular biology, genetics, and many other subfields of biology. Biotechnology utilizes cellular and biomolecular processes to create technologies and products that help improve…
What is an autoimmune disease?
An autoimmune disease is a condition in which your immune system mistakenly attacks your body. The immune system normally guards against germs like bacteria and viruses. When it senses these…
Diagnosis of non-infectious complications
The earlier the non-infectious complications, such as autoimmunity, allergy, granulomatous disease and cancer, in primary immunodeficiency are picked up and diagnosed the better. This ensures appropriate and timely treatment is…
Autoimmunity
Figure 1. The Autoimmune Process. The immune response in autoimmune disease recapitulates that of responses directed against infection, except that self antigens are, or become, the target of the adaptive immune…
Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions
The response of the host to the presence of foreign substances can trigger four types of hypersensitivity reactions: I. Immediate II. Cytotoxic III. Immune complex IV. Cell-mediated Type I: Immediate Hypersensitivity (Anaphylactic Reaction) These…
Allergy and hypersensitivity
Allergy or hypersensitivity occur when the body's immune system reacts in an exaggerated or inappropriate way to substances in the environment that would not normally cause inflammation and disease. What…
What are benign tumors?
Benign tumors are noncancerous growths in the body. Unlike cancerous tumors, they don’t spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. Benign tumors can form anywhere. If you discover a lump…
Tumor Antigens
Many tumor cells produce antigens, which may be released in the bloodstream or remain on the cell surface. Any molecule capable of being recognized by the immune system is considered…
