Injury and inflammation
Inflammation is the immune system's response to injury and infection, and quick decisions must be made when one or both are present. If the immune system detects an infection, it…
Functions of Cell
A cell performs these major functions essential for the growth and development of an organism. Important functions of cell are as follows: Provides Support and Structure All the organisms are…
Cell Structure
The cell structure comprises individual components with specific functions essential to carry out life’s processes. These components include- cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell organelles. Read on to…
TCR Cell Signaling Pathway
T-cells are a subset of lymphocytes that play a large role in the immune response. The TCR (T-cell receptor) is a complex of integral membrane proteins that participate in the…
B Cell Activation and Plasma Cell Differentiation
B Cell Activation · Resting B cells become activated by antigen via the BCR and/or by microbiological side products (pathogen associated molecular patterns; PAMP) via their toll like receptors (TLR4, 7,…
cellular response
Cellular responses to invading pathogens utilize phagocytic and cytotoxic cells of the innate and adaptive immune responses. The immune system is intimately connected with the hematologic system since white blood cells (leukocytes, including B- and T-lymphocytes) are key players in the lymphoid…
What are the uses for monoclonal antibodies?
The use of monoclonal antibodies to treat diseases is called immunotherapy therapy because each type of monoclonal antibody will target a specific targeted antigen in the body. Uses for monoclonal…
Monoclonal Antibodies
What are human monoclonal antibodies? An antibody is a protein produced by the body's immune system in response to antigens, which are harmful substances. Antigens include bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, chemicals,…
Clonal Selection of Antibody-Producing Cells
The clonal selection hypothesis has become a widely accepted model for how the immune system responds to infection and how certain types of B and T lymphocytes are selected for…
Molecular Nature Of Matter – Dalton’s Atomic Theory
According to the Atomic hypothesis, all things are made up of small fundamental units termed as atoms, which can be defined as tiny particles that move in perpetual motion, which…
