TCR Cell Signaling Pathway
T-cells are a subset of lymphocytes that play a large role in the immune response. The TCR (T-cell receptor) is a complex of integral membrane proteins that participate in the…
B Cell Activation and Plasma Cell Differentiation
B Cell Activation · Resting B cells become activated by antigen via the BCR and/or by microbiological side products (pathogen associated molecular patterns; PAMP) via their toll like receptors (TLR4, 7,…
cellular response
Cellular responses to invading pathogens utilize phagocytic and cytotoxic cells of the innate and adaptive immune responses. The immune system is intimately connected with the hematologic system since white blood cells (leukocytes, including B- and T-lymphocytes) are key players in the lymphoid…
What are the uses for monoclonal antibodies?
The use of monoclonal antibodies to treat diseases is called immunotherapy therapy because each type of monoclonal antibody will target a specific targeted antigen in the body. Uses for monoclonal…
Monoclonal Antibodies
What are human monoclonal antibodies? An antibody is a protein produced by the body's immune system in response to antigens, which are harmful substances. Antigens include bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, chemicals,…
Clonal Selection of Antibody-Producing Cells
The clonal selection hypothesis has become a widely accepted model for how the immune system responds to infection and how certain types of B and T lymphocytes are selected for…
Molecular Nature Of Matter – Dalton’s Atomic Theory
According to the Atomic hypothesis, all things are made up of small fundamental units termed as atoms, which can be defined as tiny particles that move in perpetual motion, which…
Immunogen, Antigen, Hapten, Epitope, and Adjuvant
Whenever we refer a pathogen, we may think the entire microbe is responsible for the disease.But the fact is these organisms possess numerous sites called as epitopes that are recognized…
Antigen
Antigen, substance that is capable of stimulating an immune response, specifically activating lymphocytes, which are the body’s infection-fighting white blood cells. In general, two main divisions of antigens are recognized: foreign…
The Organization and Structure of Lymphoid Tissues
The lymphoid tissues can be divided into primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Primary lymphoid tissues are sites where lymphocytes develop from progenitor cells into functional and mature lymphocytes. The major…
