Immunogen, Antigen, Hapten, Epitope, and Adjuvant
Whenever we refer a pathogen, we may think the entire microbe is responsible for the disease.But the fact is these organisms possess numerous sites called as epitopes that are recognized…
Antigen
Antigen, substance that is capable of stimulating an immune response, specifically activating lymphocytes, which are the body’s infection-fighting white blood cells. In general, two main divisions of antigens are recognized: foreign…
The Organization and Structure of Lymphoid Tissues
The lymphoid tissues can be divided into primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Primary lymphoid tissues are sites where lymphocytes develop from progenitor cells into functional and mature lymphocytes. The major…
How the immune system works
Our immune system is essential for our survival. Without an immune system, our bodies would be open to attack from bacteria, viruses, parasites, and more. It is our immune system…
Normal Anti-Bacterial Action
In most instances, bacteria are destroyed by the cooperative efforts of phagocytic cells, antibody and complement. A. Neutrophil (Phagocytic Cell) Engages Bacteria (Microbe): The microbe is coated with specific antibody and…
Immunoglobulin Structure
Each class or type of immunoglobulin shares properties in common with the others. They all have antigen binding sites which combine specifically with the foreign antigen. A. IgG: IgG is the…
Cells of the Immune System
A. Bone marrow: The site in the body where most of the cells of the immune system are produced as immature or stem cells. B. Stem cells: These cells have the potential…
The Immune System and Primary Immunodeficiency
Organization and Development of the Immune System The immune system is a wonderful collaboration between cells and proteins that work together to provide defense against infection. These cells and proteins…
Comparative Genomics Fact Sheet
Comparative genomics is a field of biological research in which researchers use a variety of tools to compare the complete genome sequences of different species. By carefully comparing characteristics that…
YEAST TWO-HYBRID PRINCIPLE
The development and gradual improvements of the yeast two-hybrid system since the early 90’s revolutionized the way protein interactions could be detected1. Yeast two-hybrid is based on the reconstitution of a…
