INTRODUCTION TO YARNS
Primitive people discovered that a succession of short fibres could be twisted into a continuous yarn. This was probably accomplished slowly and laboriously at first, but due to greater strength…
FIBRES
Fibres are the basic raw material for any textile industry, technically which is defined as a unit of matter, characterized by flexibility, fineness and a high length to width ratio.…
METHODS OF FABRIC FORMING
The most commonly used fabric forming methods are weaving, braiding, knitting, felting, tufting and nonwoven manufacturing. However, major method of fabric construction is weaving. Weaving Weaving is the interlacing of…
Thermafor Catalytic Cracking (TCC)
Thermafor (also referred to as “thermofor” in some sources) Cracking Process was introduced for better integration of thermochemistry (endothermic cracking and exothermic catalyst regeneration) by introducing a moving-bed configuration, rather…
Houdry Catalytic Cracking
The first catalytic cracking process was developed as a batch process (McAfee, 1915) shortly after the development of a thermal cracking process. The process used Lewis acid catalysts (e.g., AlCl3)…
Continuous Catalyst Regeneration
A continuous catalyst regeneration (CCR) scheme for reforming came on stream in 1971. Figure 8.5 shows a flow diagram for the CCR process. The reactors are stacked with a moving bed…
Desirable Chemical Reactions
Figure 8.2 illustrates more specifically the desirable chemical reactions of catalytic reforming including: · dehydrogenation of naphthenes to aromatics, · dehydroisomerization of alkyl-C5-naphthenes, · dehydrocyclization of n-paraffins to aromatics, and · isomerization of n-alkanes to…
Chemistry of Catalytic Reforming
Chemistry of Catalytic Reforming The general categories of the desired reactions in catalytic reforming are identified in list below, along with the catalysts used in the process. Considering that the…
Moving Bed Catalytic Cracking Process
The moving bed catalytic cracking method is described in the following diagram. Heated oil vapors go up in the reactor and catalyst comes down through the hopper which is the…
Fixed Bed Catalytic Cracking Process
The fixed bed catalytic cracking method is described in the following diagram. The charge is passed through a heater where it is heated to cracking level then it is goes…
