Types of Fouling
Operational deposits on the hydrocarbon side of a cracking unit will typically be a mixture of organic and inorganic materials consisting of iron, sulfates and sulfides. The consistency of these…
Catalytic Cracking
Cracking is a process in which large hydrocarbon molecules are broken up “cracked” into smaller, more valuable hydrocarbon molecules. As the name implies, the catalytic cracking process takes place in the…
Petroleum coke
Petroleum coke, abbreviated coke or petcoke, is a final carbon-rich solid material that derives from oil refining, and is one type of the group of fuels referred to as cokes. Petcoke is the coke that, in…
Hydrodesulfurization
Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is a catalytic chemical process widely used to remove sulfur (S) from natural gas and from refined petroleum products, such as gasoline or petrol, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, and fuel oils. The purpose of removing the sulfur, and creating products…
Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic reforming is a process for producing the reformate of high octane gasoline, mainly from heavy straight run naphtha. Features Since endothermal reactions are dominant in Catalytic Reforming reaction, multiple…
Hydrocracking Reaction Systems
The two different reaction systems in hydrocracking, hydrogenation and cracking, are supported by bi-functional catalyst formulations, as illustrated in Figure 7.11. Hydrogenation reactions are promoted by the metal component of…
Catalytic Hydrocracking
Catalytic hydrocracking is one of the latest additions to petroleum refining processes, with the first modern commercial unit started up by Chevron in 1958. The interest in hydrocracking has been…
Uses of Hydrocracking
In a refinery, hydrocracking complements catalytic cracking by taking on the more aromatic feedstocks that resist cracking, including the byproducts of FCC, such as light cycle oil (LCO). Hydrocracking can…
Hydrocracking
Hydrocracking is one of the most versatile refining process for converting heavy fuel oil components into naphtha, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil or high-quality lubricating oils, through the catalytic reactions…
FCC catalyst testing
One of the major problems in designing improved FCC catalysts is that it is very difficult to scale down the commercial FCC process with its short residence time and rapid…
